[IOTDB-17797] Support lateral column aliases in table SELECT list

[DaZuiZui]

Description

Support lateral column aliases in table SELECT lists

This PR implements Part 2 of #17797 for the table-model analyzer: later SingleColumn SELECT items can reference aliases explicitly defined by earlier SingleColumn items in the same SELECT list.

Examples now supported:

SELECT s1 AS x, x + 1 AS y FROM table1;
SELECT s1 AS x, x + 1 AS y FROM table1 ORDER BY y;
SELECT s1 AS x, row_number() OVER (ORDER BY x) AS rn FROM table1;
SELECT s1 AS x, avg(s2) OVER (PARTITION BY x) AS a FROM table1;

Name-resolution behavior

The LCA rewrite is left-to-right and only applies to unqualified identifiers in later SELECT items. It does not rewrite qualified references such as t.x, dereference expressions such as x.y, or identifiers inside subqueries.

Resolution order is:

1. local source column
2. visible previous SELECT aliases
3. existing analyzer resolution

If multiple previous aliases with the same canonical name are visible and no local source column wins, the analyzer raises a clear ambiguity error. AllColumns and COLUMNS(...) do not register reusable LCA aliases.

GROUP BY alias reuse uses the LCA-rewritten SELECT expression, while ORDER BY keeps the existing output-alias precedence. WHERE and HAVING still do not see SELECT aliases.

For CAST(value AS type), only value participates in LCA rewriting. Type names are not treated as alias references.

Implementation notes

The original AST is kept unchanged. The analyzer records each SingleColumn's semantic expression after LCA rewriting and uses it for type analysis, source-column tracking, output expression analysis, and GROUP BY alias reuse. Output field names without explicit aliases are still derived from the original SELECT item text rather than from the rewritten expression.

Inline window specifications in later SELECT items are rewritten and registered against the rewritten FunctionCall nodes before expression analysis. Referencing an alias whose expression contains a window function is rejected explicitly.

Fixes #17797

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This PR has:

• been self-reviewed.
• added documentation for new or modified features or behaviors.
• added comments explaining the "why" and the intent of the code wherever would not be obvious for an unfamiliar reader.
• added unit tests or modified existing tests to cover new code paths, ensuring the threshold for code coverage.

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Key changed/added classes (or packages if there are too many classes) in this PR

• StatementAnalyzer: SELECT-list LCA rewrite, rewritten SELECT expression tracking, output-scope name handling, and window metadata registration for rewritten expressions.
• ExpressionRewriter / ExpressionTreeRewriter: support for leaf expression rewrite hooks used by LCA expression copying.
• SelectAliasReuseTest: coverage for LCA chaining, collisions, ambiguity, aggregates, GROUP BY/ORDER BY reuse, window specs, CAST type-name collisions, WHERE/HAVING isolation, and output field names.
• relational/analyzer/README.md: documented table-model SELECT alias resolution rules.

Tests

./mvnw spotless:apply -pl iotdb-core/datanode
./mvnw test -pl iotdb-core/datanode -Dtest=SelectAliasReuseTest

[DaZuiZui]

I have completed the implementation for Issue #17797 Part 2: supporting lateral column aliases in the table-model SELECT list.

The PR is available here:

#17960

This PR adds left-to-right SELECT-list alias resolution, keeps local input columns at higher priority than SELECT aliases, avoids rewriting qualified expressions and subqueries, preserves WHERE/HAVING semantics, and keeps the existing ORDER BY alias behavior. It also includes analyzer tests and a plan-level test to ensure reused aliases do not cause duplicated projection computation.

I have verified the changes with:

./mvnw spotless:apply -pl iotdb-core/datanode
./mvnw -nsu test -pl iotdb-core/datanode -Dtest=SelectAliasReuseTest
The PR is ready for review. It will close #17797 after being merged.